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Students research a variety of macromolecules.Activity: Researching MacromoleculesStudents Determine Properties of Proteins, Lipids, and MoreEstimated Lab Time: 40 MinutesMaterial for 10 SetupsAligned to NGSS standards (HS: PS3, LS1)Using indicator solutions, students record and observe the reactions of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and vitamin C to determine their properties.This kit includes instructions and material for 10 setups.Accessories information: A refill kit is available and contains only consumable component items. It does not contain additional student or teacher guides.Ordering information: This kit includes ascorbic acid powder, iodine solution, vegetable oil, biuret solution, copper sulfate, sudan III, starch solution, microfuge trays, microfuge tubes, and pipets. DI water is needed but not supplied.Delivery information: Due to the nature of this item, it cannot be shipped by air under any circumstances. Please select ground shipping at time of checkout.Select items below are currently on sale One of lifes greatest mysteries is how it began. Scientists have pinned it down to roughly this:Some chemical reactions occurred about 4 billion years ago — perhaps in a primordial tidal soup or maybe with help of volcanoes or possibly at the bottom of the sea or between the mica sheets — to create biology.Now scientists have created something in the lab that is tantalizingly close to what might have happened. Its not life, they stress, but it certainly gives the science community a whole new data set to chew on.The researchers, at the Scripps Research Institute, created molecules that self-replicate and even evolve and compete to win or lose. If that sounds exactly like life, read on to learn the controversial and thin distinction.Know your RNATo understand the remarkable breakthrough, detailed Jan. 8 in the early online edition of the journal Science, you have to know a little about molecules called RNA and DNA.DNA is the software of life, the molecules that pack all the genetic information of a cell. DNA and the genes within it are where mutations occur, enabling changes that create new species.RNA is the close cousin to DNA. More accurately, RNA is thought to be a primitive ancestor of DNA. RNA cant run a life form on its own, but 4 billion years ago it might have been on the verge of creating life, just needing some chemical fix to make the leap. In todays world, RNA is dependent on DNA for performing its roles, which include coding for proteins.If RNA is in fact the ancestor to DNA, then scientists have figured they could get RNA to replicate itself in a lab without the help of any proteins or other cellular machinery. Easy to say, hard to do.But thats exactly what the Scripps researchers did. Then things went surprisingly further.ImmortalizedSpecifically, the researchers synthesized RNA enzymes that can replicate themselves without the help of any proteins or other cellular components, and the process proceeds indefinitely. Immortalized RNA, they call it, at least within the limited conditions of a laboratory.More significantly, the scientists then mixed different RNA enzymes that had replicated, along with some of the raw material they were working with, and let them compete in whats sure to be the next big hit: Survivor: Test Tube.Remarkably, they bred.And now and then, one of these survivors would screw up, binding with some other bit of raw material it hadnt been using. Hmm. Thats exactly what life forms do ...When these mutations occurred, the resulting recombinant enzymes also were capable of sustained replication, with the most fit replicators growing in number to dominate the mixture, the scientists report.The creatures — wait, we cant call them that! — evolved, with some species winning out.It kind of blew me away, said team member Tracey Lincoln of the Scripps Research Institute, who is working on her Ph.D. What we have is non-living, but weve been able to show that it has some life-like properties, and that was extremely interesting.Indeed.Knocking on lifes doorLincolns advisor, professor Gerald Joyce, reiterated that while the self-replicating RNA enzyme systems share certain characteristics of life, they are not life as we know it.What weve found could be relevant to how life begins, at that key moment when Darwinian evolution starts, Joyce said in a statement.Joyces restraint, clear also on an NPR report of the finding, has to be appreciated. He allows that some scientists familiar with the work have argued that this is life. Another scientist said that what the researchers did is equivalent to recreating a scenario that might have led to the origin of life.Joyce insists he and Lincoln have not created life: Were knocking on that door, he says, but of course we havent achieved that.Only when a system is developed in the lab that has the capability of evolving novel functions on its own can it be properly called life, Joyce said. In short, the molecules in Joyces lab cant evolve any totally new tricks, he said.
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