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Take a look at our health series, Inside Health, for relevant advice and unique perspectives from Bupa specialists and influential guest speakers.We cover big topics like mental health and your muscles, bones and joints. And we get right into the detail on specific conditions like the menopause. © , Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates allergies health centerallergies a-z listantihistamines-oral article The term, antihistamine generally is used for medications used to treat various symptoms believed to be caused by histamine, for example, as part of the common cold, including: Antihistamines also may be used to treat motion sickness, insomnia (difficulty sleeping), and anxiety. Antihistamines work by blocking the effects of a chemical called histamine that is responsible for many allergic symptoms. Patients who experience significant allergic symptoms regularly may take daily antihistamines to keep their symptoms under control. Antihistamines also can be used on an as-needed basis for those who experience occasional symptoms or symptoms triggered by exposure to certain irritants such as animal hair, plants, medications, and food products. Some antihistamines also may be used occasionally to help with sleep. Many different brands and forms of oral antihistamines are available over the counter (OTC). Oral antihistamines are available as pills, chewable tablets, orally disintegrating tablets, capsules, and liquid. Some antihistamines are found in combination pills that contain other medications. For example, antihistamines are commonly combined with decongestants (for example, Claritin-D, Zyrtec-D, Allegra-D), a class of medicine that is used to dry up the nasal passages and relieve head congestion. Antihistamines are divided into two categories, first-generation or older agents and second-generation or newer agents. First-generation antihistamines have many drawbacks including side effects of drowsiness and significant anticholinergic side effects that, for example, can cause difficulty urinating or constipation, and are therefore not used very often. The newer antihistamines (second generation) are less likely to cause these side effects. Antihistamines also differ in how long they work. Long-acting antihistamines provide symptom relief for up to 8-12 hours, while shorter-acting agents last for up to 4 hours but begin working faster. A second type of antihistamine is used primarily for suppressing acid production in the stomach and treating acid-related diseases such as ulcers of the stomach. Allergies can best be described as: See Answer First generation antihistamines are used less often to treat allergies because they cause significant sedation. First generation antihistamines also should be used cautiously in older adults as they are more susceptible to their anticholingeric side effects including Due to their significant side effect profile, special precautions should be used in patients with: Second generation antihistamines are less sedating than their first generation counterparts. Cetirizine can be sedating for some patients at normal recommended doses while sedation seems to only be a concern with loratadine at higher than normally recommended doses. Fexofenadine is the least sedating. Side effects common to all antihistamines include: Antihistamines may cause drowsiness. Taking antihistamines with other medicines that also are sedating may cause profound drowsiness. Examples include: Common Allergies: Symptoms and Signs See Slideshow Non-drug interventions should always be considered first in pregnant women suffering from symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Nondrug therapies include saline or salt-water nasal sprays, exercise, and nasal strips. If a daily antihistamine is needed during pregnancy, second generation agents are preferred because they are less sedating and have a better side effect profile (have fewer anticholingeric side effects). Loratadine and cetirizine are preferred second generation antihistamines for pregnant women because they have the most safety and efficacy data. Both agents are rated FDA category B, and are generally considered to be safe at recommended doses for the treatment of allergic rhinitis during pregnancy. Fexofenadine is less well-studied and is rated FDA pregnancy category C. First generation antihistamines are usually used on an as-needed basis or before bedtime to occasionally help with sleep. Chlorpheniramine is the preferred first generation antihistamine for people who are pregnant because it has been studied the most. Tablets Chewable tablets Orally disintegrating tablets Capsules Solution Syrup In-combination with decongestants and pain relievers By clicking Submit, I agree to the MedicineNet Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy. I also agree to receive emails from MedicineNet and I understand that I may opt out of MedicineNet subscriptions at any time. Procedures & Tests Symptoms & Signs FAQs & Doctors Views Medications FDA Drug Labels on RxList.com hydroxyzine diphenhydramine Antihistamine Shots (Injections) Nasal Decongestants cetirizine (Zyrtec, Zyrtec Allergy, Zyrtec Hives) loratadine, Claritin, Claritin RediTabs, Alavert, Claritin Hives Relief, Childrens Claritin Cold Medicine and Cough Syrup for Adults fexofenadine and pseudoephedrine (Allegra-D) fexofenadine (Allegra, Mucinex Allergy) loratadine and pseudoephedrine (Alavert Allergy & Sinus, Claritin-D, Claritin-D 24 hour) dextromethorphandecongestantantihistamine - oral Side Effects of Phenergan with Codeine (promethazine and codeine) decongestantantihistamineanticholinergic - oral desloratadine (Clarinex, Clarinex Reditabs) narcotic antitussiveantihistamine - oral decongestantnarcotic antitussiveacetaminophantihistamine - oral decongestantnarcotic antitussiveantihistamine - oral Health News Healthy Living Health Features You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088. Medically Reviewed on Medically reviewed by John P. Cunha, DO, FACOEP; Board Certified Emergency Medicine REFERENCE: U.S. Food and Drug Administration
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