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Save time by watching the video first and then continue the discussion below! Click below to view the EZmed Video Library. Subscribe and stay informed! Membership gives you exclusive unlimited access to the member site with ALL the PDF tutorials, flashcards and lectures! By definition, antibiotics are drugs used to fight bacterial infections. Common uses include urinary tract infections (UTIs), sore throats (pharyngitis), pneumonia, ear infections (otitis media), some sinus infections (sinusitis), and more. There are many different classes of antibiotics, including penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, carbapenems, lincosamides, and glycopeptides. In this post, well use the table and mnemonics below to discuss the different classes of antibiotics, as well as their gram coverage, mechanism of action (how they work), drug names, and examples of use. Well continue to simplify antibiotic pharmacology with 3 simple tricks to help you remember drug names, gram counts, and mechanism of action of each class! Lets get started! Do not miss! To easily remember the drug names in each antibiotic class, click the EZmed link below! Antibiotic Classes and Drug Names: Pharmacology Trick: Using mnemonics and the table above, memorize the major classes of antibiotics and remember their drug names, packaging, mechanism of action, and uses. In this post, we will discuss the 10 major classes of antibiotics. These include aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, penicillins, sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, carbapenems, lincosamides, and glycopeptides. You can use the following EZmed mnemonic to help you remember these main classes: Antibiotics can interrupt protein synthesis in microbial cells such as microbes. This mnemonic is useful because it not only helps you remember the major classes of antibiotics, but also reminds you of inhibition of protein synthesis.the mechanism of action of many antibiotics (more on that later). Image: Use the mnemonic above to remember the 10 main classes of antibiotics. Antibiotics = Aminoglycosides Can = Cephalosporin End = Tetracyclines Protein = Penicillins Synthesis = Sulfonamides For = Fluoroquinolones Microbes = Macrolides Cells = CarbapenemyLike = Lincosamides Bacteria = Glycopeptides We will now look at the range of action, examples of mnemonics, and mechanisms of indication for each drug name. You can use the table below as a reference! Figure: Column from left to right: Mnemonics, class of antibiotics, examples of drug names, amount in grams, mechanism of action, examples of use Aminoglycosides Drug names: Examples of aminoglycosides are streptomycin and gentamicin. The names of these drugs usually end with MycinMycin. Gram-negative bacteria: Aminoglycosides include mainly aerobic gram-negative bacteria, not anaerobes. Although they are particularly active against gram-negative bacteria, they may act synergistically against some gram-positive organisms. Mechanism of action: Aminoglycosides inhibit protein synthesis. The function of ribosomes is to synthesize proteins in cells, and bacterial ribosomes consist of 30 and 50 subunits. Aminoglycosides bind to subunit 30 of the bacterial ribosome, disrupting protein synthesis (human ribosomes have subunits 40 and 60 and are therefore unaffected by the antibiotic). Examples of indications: Aminoglycosides are very effective broad-spectrum antibiotics and can be used to treat bacteremia, intra-abdominal infections, and other life-threatening infections that, if left untreated, can lead to shock. Cephalosporin Drug Names: Ceftriaxone and cefepime are examples of cephalosporins. The names of these medicines usually start with cefceph. Gram coverage: Cephalosporins cover both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Mechanism of action: Cephalosporins inhibit cell wall synthesis. Peptidoglycan is the main component of bacterial cell walls andrequired to maintain the integrity of the cell wall. Peptidoglycan synthesis is mediated by penicillin-binding proteins (PBP). Cephalosporins (along with penicillins and carbapenems) contain a beta-lactam ring in their structure and are therefore classified as beta-lactam antibiotics. Beta-lactam antibiotics bind to and inhibit PBPs, preventing the synthesis and cross-linking of peptidoglycans. This destroys the bacterial cell wall. Indication examples: Cephalosporins can be used for skin, urinary and respiratory tract infections, among others. There are 5 generations of cephalosporin drugs depending on the spectrum of action they cover. To find out what medicines each generation has, check out this EZmed post! Cephalosporin generations made easy For a simple arrow trick to remember the coverage of each cephalosporin generation, read this EZmed post! Simple cephalosporin coating Tetracyclines, drug names: Examples of tetracyclines are tetracycline and doxycycline. The names of these drugs usually end in cycline. Gram-positive coverage: Tetracyclines cover both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Mechanism of action. Tetracyclines are similar to aminoglycosides in that they inhibit protein synthesis by specifically binding to the 30-year-old subunit of the bacterial ribosome. Example indications: Tetracyclines may be used to treat Lyme disease, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs), among others. Drug Names of Penicillins: Examples of penicillins are ampicillin and amoxicillin. The names of these drugs usually end in cylin. Gram coverage: Penicillins cover both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, especially new generation penicillins. Mechanism of action: Penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics and therefore, like cephalosporins, inhibit cell wall synthesis. Examples of indications: Penicillins can be used. for various infections of the ear, nose and throat (ENT), skin and urinary tract

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