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A valence electron is an electron in the outer shell that can participate in a chemical bond with another atom. In chemistry and physics, a valence electron is an electron attached to an atom that can form a chemical bond and participate in chemical reactions. Valence electrons are the outer shell electrons of main group elements. For transition metals with partially filled d shells, the valence electrons are those electrons outside the noble gas nucleus. The number of valence electrons indicates the maximum number of chemical bonds an atom can form. Number of Valence Electrons For main group elements, the number of valence electrons usually ranges from 1 to 8, since eight electrons make up a full octet. Elements in a group have the desired number of valence electrons. For example, atoms of alkali metals (eg lithium, sodium) have one valence electron. Alkaline earth atoms (eg magnesium, calcium) have two valence electrons. Noble gases have full octets, so all eight of their electrons are valence electrons. An exception is helium, which has two valence electrons. This periodic table shows the valences of groups of elements. Transition metals use the d subshell, which has 10 electrons. The f subshell holds 14 electrons, while the g subshell holds up to 18 electrons. Metals in the middle of the periodic table become more stable as the crust becomes empty, partially filled, or completely filled. So they can have more than 8 valence electrons. How to find the number of valence electrons The easiest way to find the number of valence electrons is to go through the group of elements in the valence periodic table. However, the most common method uses the electron configuration of the atoms ground state. Main group elements must seek the number of electrons in the highest principal quantum number or the highest shell number. For example, 1s22s2 (in helium) 2 is the largest quantum number. There are two 2s electrons, so a helium atom has two valence electrons. For transition metals, the number of valence electrons is the number of electrons in the subshells behind the noble gas nucleus. For example, the electron configuration of scandium is Ar3d14s2, which gives a total of 3 valence electrons. Examples The ground state electron configuration of magnesium is 1s22s2p63s2, the valence electrons are 3s because 3 is the largest principal quantum number. Magnesium has two valence electrons. The electron configuration of carbon in the ground state is 1s22s22p2. The highest fundamental quantum number is 2. The 2s subshell has 2 electrons and the 2p subshell has 2 electrons, for a total of four valence electrons. The electron configuration of bromine in the ground state is 1s22s2p63s2p6d104s24p5. The valence electrons are the 4s and 4p electrons. Bromine has seven valence electrons. The electron configuration of an iron atom is 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6 or Ar4s23d6. Iron is a transition metal, so the number of valence electrons includes those in the 3d suA valence electron is an electron in the outer shell that can participate in a chemical bond with another atom. In chemistry and physics, a valence electron is an electron attached to an atom that can form a chemical bond and participate in chemical reactions. Valence electrons are the outer shell electrons of main group elements. In the case of transition metals with partially filled d shells, the valence electrons are those outside the noble gas core. The number of valence electrons indicates the maximum number of chemical bonds that an atom can form. Number of Valence Electrons For main group elements, the number of valence electrons typically ranges from 1 to 8, since eight electrons make up a full octet. Group elements have a selected number of valence electrons. For example, alkali metal atoms (e.g. lithium, sodium) have one valence electron. Alkaline earth atoms (e.g. magnesium, calcium) have two valence electrons. Noble gases have full octets, so all eight of their electrons are valence electrons. The exception is helium, which has two valence electrons. This periodic table shows the valences of groups of elements. Transition metals use the d subshell, which holds 10 electrons. The f subshell contains 14 electrons and the g subshell contains up to 18 electrons. Metals in the middle of the periodic table become more stable as the crust becomes empty, half full, or full. So they can have more than 8 valence electrons How to Calculate the Number of Valence Electrons The easiest way to determine the number of valence electrons is to use the valence of a group of elements in the periodic table. However, the most common method uses the electron configuration of the ground state of the atom. For main group elements, you look for the number of electrons in the highest principal quantum number or the highest number of shells. For example 1s22s2 (in helium) 2 is the largest quantum number. There are two 2s electrons, so a helium atom has two valence electrons. For transition metals, the number of valence electrons is the number of electrons in the subshell behind the nucleus of the noble gas atom. For example, the electron configuration of scandium is Ar 3d14s2, a total of 3 valence electrons Examples The electron configuration in the ground state of magnesium is 1s22s2p63s2, the valence electrons are 3s electrons because 3 is the largest principal quantum number. Magnesium has two valence electrons, carbons basic electron configuration is 1s22s22p2. The largest principal quantum number is 2. There are 2 electrons in the 2s subshell and 2 electrons in the 2p subshell, for a total of four carbon valence electrons. The ground state configuration of bromine electronics is 1s22s2p63s2p6d104s24p5. The valence electrons are the 4s and 4p electrons. Bromine has seven valence electrons. The electron configuration of an iron atom is 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6 or Ar 4s23d6. Iron is a transition metal, so the number of valence electrons includes those in 3d su

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