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Home Technology Network and Communications A mobile phone, also called a cell phone, is a portable device that connects to a telecommunications network to transmit and receive voice, video, or other data. Mobile phones typically connect to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) using one of two categories: cellular systems or global satellite telephony. Cell phones, or simply cell phones, are portable devices that can be used in motor vehicles or on foot. Communicating via radio waves, they provide a significant degree of mobility within a given coverage area, which can range from a few blocks to hundreds of square kilometers. The first mobile and portable subscriber units of cellular systems were large and heavy. However, thanks to significant advances in component technology, the weight and size of portable transceivers have been greatly reduced. This section covers the concept of mobile phones and the evolution of cellular systems. All cellular telephone systems share several basic characteristics, which are summarized as follows: The geographic area served by the cellular system is divided into smaller geographic areas or cells. Solid hexagons are most often used to represent these cells on maps and charts; However, in practice, radio waves are not limited to hexagonal areas, so the actual cells are irregular in shape. All communications with a mobile or portable instrument within a given cell are routed to the base station serving the cell. The transmission power of portable battery-powered devices allows specific transmit and receive frequencies assigned to one cell to be reused by other cells over a larger geographic area. In this way, the spectral efficiency of a cellular system (ie, the applications for which it can use its portion of the radio frequency spectrum) is increased by a factor equal to the number of times the frequency can be reused in its service area. If the mobile device moves from one cell to another during a call, the central controller automatically redirects the call from the old cell to the new cell without noticeable loss of signal reception. This process is known as transfer. Thus, the central controller or mobile switching center (MTSO) acts as an intelligent switching center that tracks the movement of the mobile subscriber. When the demand for radio channels in a given cell increases beyond the capacity of that cell (as measured by the number of links that can be served simultaneously), the congested cell is split into smaller cells, each with its own base station and central control. The distribution of radio frequencies in the original cellular system is then rearranged to contain more smaller cells. Frequency reuse between disconnected cells and cell division as demand increases are concepts that characterize cellular systemsA home technology web and communications mobile phone, also called a cell phone, is a portable device for connecting to a telecommunications network to send and receive voice, video, or other data. Mobile phones typically connect to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) using one of two categories: cellular systems or global satellite telephony. Cell phones, or simply cell phones, are portable devices that can be used in the car or on foot. They communicate using radio waves and provide a significant degree of mobility within a given service area, which can range from a few city blocks to hundreds of square kilometers. The first mobile and portable subscriber units of cellular systems were large and heavy. However, thanks to significant advances in component technology, the weight and size of portable transceivers have been greatly reduced. This section covers the concept of mobile phones and the evolution of cellular systems. All cellular telephone systems share several basic characteristics, which are summarized in the following text: The geographic area served by the cellular system is divided into smaller geographic areas or cells. Solid hexagons are most often used to represent these cells on maps and charts; however, in practice, radio waves are not limited to hexagonal areas, so the actual cells are irregular in shape. All communication with a mobile or portable device within a given cell is with the base station serving the cell. The transmission power of portable battery-powered devices, certain transmission and reception frequencies of an assigned cell can be reused by other cells in a larger geographical area. Thus, the spectral efficiency of a cellular system (i.e., the use of its portion of the radio frequency spectrum) is increased by a factor equal to the number of times the frequency can be reused in its service area. the mobile device moves from one cell to another during the conversation, the central controller automatically forwards the call from the old cell to the new one without noticeable signal breaks. This process is known as transfer. Thus, the central controller or mobile telephone exchange (MTSO) acts as an intelligent switch that tracks the movement of the mobile subscriber. As the demand for radio channels in a given cell exceeds the capacity of that cell (measured by the number of calls supported simultaneously), the congested cell splits into smaller cells, each with its own base station and central controller. . The radio frequency distribution of the original cell system is then rearranged to match a number of smaller cells. Frequency reuse between adjacent cells and cell division as demand increases are concepts that distinguish cellular systems from

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