The following article reports 9 experiments, involving more than 1,000 participants, that test for retroactive influence by “time-reversing” well-established psychological effects so that the individual's responses are obtained before the putatively causal stimulus events occur.

Data are presented for 4 time-reversed effects:

precognitive approach to erotic stimuli and precognitive avoidance of negative stimuli;
retroactive priming;
retroactive habituation;
and retroactive facilitation of recall.

The mean effect size (d) in psi performance across all 9 experiments was 0.22, and all but one of the experiments yielded statistically significant results. The individual-difference variable of stimulus seeking, a component of extraversion, was significantly correlated with psi performance in 5 of the experiments, with participants who scored above the midpoint on a scale of stimulus seeking achieving a mean effect size of 0.43.

Skepticism about psi, issues of replication, and theories of psi are also discussed.

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