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This is a question and answer forum for students, teachers, and regular visitors to share articles, answers, and notes. Answer now and help others. Answer now Heres how it works: Anyone can ask a question Anyone can answer The best answers will be chosen and will go to the top In angiosperm anatomy, a leaf can be identified by where it emerges from a knot. At the node, the leaf grows below the axillary bud. The leaves generally consist of several main parts: the leaf blade and the petiole. Picture ( PageIndex 2 ): A leaf usually consists of a lamina and a petiole. The blade is mostly a flat, photosynthetic part. The petiole is the stem that connects the leaf blade to the main stem of the plant. As plants have evolved, diversified and adapted to different environments, you will find that there are many variations to this theme. The photo on the left is a palm leaf, the photo on the right is a pinnate leaf. Photo: Maria Morrow, CC-BY 4.0. The diagram on the right from Chapter 3.4.2, Botany, from Algiers, Ha and Morrow. The leaf blade is (usually) the flat photosynthetic part of the leaf blade. In eudicotes, the leaf has a central median vein (also called the median nerve) from which smaller veins extend. This type of vein organization is called reticular venation. The edge of the blade is an edge. Figure ( PageIndex 3 ): The axial (left) and off-axis (right) surface of the Eudicot leaf blade. The margin is the edge of the leaf and its morphology can be useful for identification. This leaf edge can be described as serrated, much like a serrated knife. A large central vein develops in the center of the leaf. This is the middle or middle vein. Many veins of smaller diameter extend from the central vein. Photo: Maria Morrow, CC-BY 4.0. In monocotyledons, all the veins may be about the same size, or there may be one larger central vein, but the veins run parallel to each other. This is called parallel veining. Photo ( PageIndex 4 ): Plantain lanceolate (Plantago sp.)This monocot has several large veins that run parallel to each other, without a true central vein. Photo: Maria Morrow, CC-BY 4.0. Most leaves have a petiole that connects the leaf blade to the rest of the plant. Its a tail. However, in some plants, the leaves do not have petioles and the lamina is attached directly to the stem of the plant. These leaves are sessile (stalkless). Image (PageIndex5): The first image shows a branch with stalks. Each leaf blade is connected to the main branch by a short petiole (petiole). In the second picture, the leaf blades are attached directly to the (sedentary) main stem. Photos: Maria Morrow, CC-BY 4.0. A compound leaf looks like a branch from which leaves sprout. However, these leaves are not accompanied by axillary buds (i.e. they do not emerge from the node). This branch is actually a compound leaf made up of leaflets. Although there are no buds at the base of the leaves, a compound leaf has a bud at the base of the petiole. Image (PageIndex9): Composite sheets. The leaf on the left is pinnately compound, the petioles attached to the central spike. The right leaf is folded, all stems meeting at the top of the stems and radiating outwards. Charts by Michael G. Simpson. Redrawn and colored by User: RoRo, Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons. The compound leaf may be palmate or pinnate. In a pinnate compound leaf, the leaflets are attached to a central stalk called the rachi. The leaves can be sessile or attached to the rachis with petioles. Composite sheets can be made even more complex by folding them several times. Figure (PageIndex10): Spreadsheets with one, two and three levels of hierarchy. Note that the last leaf is egg-shaped in the first and second levels, but round in the third level of the hierarchy. Diagram from 3.4.2. chapters, Botany, from Algiers, Ha and Morrow. Image (PageIndex11): Sheets can be single or stacked. Plain sheets have a single laminate(a) The banana plant (Musa sp.) has simple leaves. In compound leaves, the lamina is divided into leaflets. Compound leaves may be palmate or pinnate. In (b) palm leaves, such as the chestnut tree (Aesculus hippocastanum), the leaves branch from the petiole. In pinnate leaves (c), the leaflets branch off the midrib, as in the shrubby hickory (Carya floridana). Gledichia has bipartite leaves, the leaves of which emerge from the veins. (Credit a: Modified work BazzaDaRamblerFlickr; Credit b: Modified work by Roberto Verzo; Credit c: Modified work by Eric Dion; Credit d: Modified work by Valerie Lykes). In angiosperms, leaf arrangement depends on the number of leaves produced per node. Figure (PageIndex12): Page layout types. On shoot A (far left) the leaves come out singly. Shoot A has an alternating arrangement of leaves. On shoot B (in the middle), two leaves form at the node, opposite each other. Shoot B has the opposite arrangement of leaves. The C shoot forms five leaves at each node. Three or more leaves from a node - whorl arrangement of leaves. Diagram by Nikki Harris, CC-BY 4.0 with added labels. With alternating leaves, there is one leaf per node, giving the impression of alternating leaves. Figure (PageIndex13): This branch of Salal (Gaultheria sollon) has an alternate arrangement of leaves. Leaves appear one per node. This plant has a slight bend in the stem at each node, giving it a zig-zag shape. Photo: Maria Morrow, CC-BY 4.0. When the leaves are opposite each other, there are two leaves per node. Imagine that your hands are facing each other on your torso. Figure (PageIndex14): Both plants shown in the photos above have opposite leaves, with two leaves on each opposite stem node. Photo: Maria Morrow, CC-BY 4.0. In the case of a live arrangement of leaves, three or more leaves are formed at a node. Im trying to remember

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