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In this relative clauses game, students extend a sentence with non-defining relative clauses to make the longest sentence possible. The first player chooses one of their picture cards and begins a sentence about the picture, e.g. My father... The players then take it in turns to add additional information to the sentence by adding a non-defining relative clause with a picture card or adding an appropriate relative pronoun. If the next player puts down a relative pronoun card (e.g. who), the player after must put down a picture card (e.g. pilot) and add a non-defining relative clause as the next part of the sentence. For example, My father, who is a pilot,... If the next player puts down a picture card (e.g. Singapore), they say the next part of the sentence. For example, works in Singapore. The player after must put down an appropriate relative pronoun card to extend the sentence, e.g. My father, who is a pilot, works in Singapore, where... Players write the sentence down as they go. The group with the longest grammatically correct sentence at the end of the game wins. You may remove the relative pronoun and reduce your sentence in certain conditions.The man who wants to talk to you is waiting for you.The man wanting to talk to you is waiting for you.1. In defining clauses, we can omit the relative pronoun in the position of object.The boy who whom that you dont like much wants to talk to you.The boy you dont like much wants to talk to you.Note: In non-defining sentences you neither omit the relative pronoun nor use that.My mother, who whom that you met yesterday, wants to talk to you. My mother you met yesterday...2. We can use participles when reducing the sentence.a) Present Participle V-ing (simultaneous)We stood on the bridge which connects the two halves of the city.We stood on the bridge connecting the two halves of the city.(Present Participle)b) Past Participle V3 or being V3 (passive simultaneous)The boy who was attacked by a dog was taken to hospital.The boy attacked by a dog was taken to hospital. (Past Participle)c) Perfect Participle having V3 (active-explaining sth. happened before the others)Jenna, who has lived in Florida for 20 years, has gone through several hurricanes.Jenna, having lived in Florida for 20 years, has gone through several hurricanes.(Perfect Participle)Having lived in Florida for 20 years, Jenna has gone through several hurricanes.(Perfect Participle)d) Perfect Passive Participle having been V3 (passive-explaining sth happened before the others)Usain Bolt, who had been disqualified from the mens 100m final after a false start, made no such mistake in the 200m.Usain Bolt, having been disqualified from the mens 100m final after a false start, made no such mistake in the 200m.(Perfect passive participle)Having been disqualified from the mens 100m final after a false start, Usain Bolt made no such mistake in the 200m.(Perfect passive participle)3. If To be verb is used after a relative pronoun we can omit Relative Pronoun + To be.The car which is parked next to mine is very expensive.The car parked next to mine is very expensive.Hamlet, which was written by Shakespeare sometime in the early 1600s, is among the classics.Hamlet, written by Shakespeare sometime in the early 1600s, is among the classics.4. When the verb have meaning possession, we can omit relative pronoun and have and use with(+) or without(-).Students who have enough math and English skills will be admitted.Students with enough math and English skills will be admitted.People who dont have their ID cards can not get in.People without their ID cards can not get in.5. We can use infinitive to in the cases below.1. The only...to2. Superlative...to3. The first, last, second, next...toJohn is the only person who understands me.John is the only person to understand me.Tom is the most handsome boy who came to this school.Tom is the most handsome boy to come to this school.Jack is the first student who has handed in the exam.Jack is the first person to have handed in the exam.See more on relative clauses ↑▲▲▲▲▲▲▲↑ Learn Relative Clauses with Examples and Exercises A relative clause is a phrase that adds information to a sentence. All relative clauses describe a noun, and they begin with one of these relative pronouns or relative adverbs.Relative Pronounswho (to describe people – subject)The woman who works in the bank is my neighbor.whom (to describe people – object)My cousins, one of whom is a doctor, live in England.whose (to describe possession)The man whose car was stolen went to the police station.that (to describe things – defining relative clauses)Im selling the computer that I bought in the U.S.which (to describe things – non-defining relative clauses)Im selling this computer, which has a 250-GB hard drive, for $500.Relative Adverbswhen (to describe times)My favorite season is fall, when all the leaves change color.where (to describe places)I visited the neighborhood where I grew upwhy (to give a reason)Do you know the reason why the stores are closed today?Using relative clauses helps you create better sentences in EnglishRelative Clauses = Better Sentences in EnglishHere is an example of some English sentences without relative clauses:Yesterday I met a man. He works in the circus.I bought a cell phone. It has internet access.Theres the restaurant. I ate at that restaurant last night.These sentences are correct, but they are very short and simple. You can use relative clauses to make your sentences in English sound more fluent and natural:Yesterday I met a man who works in the circus.I bought a cell phone that has internet access.Theres the restaurant where I ate last night.Defining and Non-Defining Relative ClausesNon-defining relative clauses add EXTRA information to the sentence.Defining relative clauses add ESSENTIAL information to the sentence.You can see if a relative clause is defining or non-defining by removing it from the sentence. If you remove a non-defining relative clause, the sentence still has the same meaning. If you remove a defining relative clause, the sentence has a different meaning or is incomplete.Example of a sentence with a NON-DEFINING relative clause:My brother, who lives in California, is an engineer.If you remove who lives in California, the sentence still has the same meaning:My brother is an engineer.The relative clause who lives in California is extra information.Example of a sentence with a DEFINING relative clause:Thats the student who failed English class three times.If you remove who failed English class three times, the sentence is incomplete: Therefore, the relative clause who failed English class three times is essential information, because it defines which student, specifically, we are talking about.In written English, use a comma before and after non-defining relative clauses.Learn when to use which and that in relative clausesWhich or That?Use which for non-defining relative clauses, and use a comma before it.Use that for defining relative clauses, and dont use a comma before it.The bananas that I bought on Monday are rotten.The bananas, which I bought on Monday, are rotten.In the first case, its possible that we have two types of bananas in the house:Older bananas that I bought on MondayNewer bananas that I bought on Wednesday…and that only the first bananas are rotten, but the second bananas are not rotten.In the second case, all the bananas in the house were bought on Monday, and they are all rotten.Again, to decide if a clause is defining or non-defining, try removing it from the sentence:I read all the books that I borrowed from the library.Without clause: I read all the books.(sentence is incomplete – WHAT books?) The new Stephen King book, which I borrowed from the library, is very good.Without clause: The new Stephen King book is very good.(sentence is complete. The library part was only an extra detail)Download 500+ English Phrases Learn more about this course

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