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British spy for the USSR () Oleg Penkovskis Oleg Vladimirovich Penkovskis Born (1919-04-23) 23. April 1919 Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia, Soviet Russia Died April 16, 1919 May 1963 (1963-05-16) (aged 44) Moscow, Soviet Union Alma mater Military Academy Frunze Charge Treason Criminal Punishment Soviet Union GRUMIIA Extortion GRUMIA Years of service Vladimir 3 Colonel Oleg O19 -Ranovich Vladimir 9 Pensky Pensky April 2 Vladimir Pensky:Ranovich , 1963, codename HERO , was a colonel of the Soviet Military Intelligence Service (GRU) in the late 1950s. and in the early 1960s. Penkovsky briefed the United States and the United Kingdom on Soviet military secrets, particularly the appearance and traces of Soviet intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) facilities and the weakness of the Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) program. This information was critical in allowing the US to admit that the Soviets had deployed IRBMs to Cuba before most of the missiles were operational. It also provided US President John F. Kennedy with valuable information about Soviet weakness during the ensuing Cuban Missile Crisis, allowing him to confront Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev and resolve the crisis without nuclear war. Until then, Penkovsky was the top Soviet official providing intelligence to the West and is one of several people credited with turning the tide of the Cold War. He was arrested by the Soviets in October 1962, tried and executed the following year. Early life and military career Penkovsky never met his father, who was killed as a child while serving as a White Army officer in the Russian Civil War. Penkovsky grew up in the North Caucasus and graduated from the Kiev Artillery Academy in 1939 with the rank of lieutenant. After participating in the Winter War against Finland and World War II, he reached the rank of lieutenant colonel. In 1944, he was assigned to1. The artillery commander of the Ukrainian front, Colonel General Sergey Varentsov, who became his patron. Penkovsky was wounded in 1944, around the same time Varentsov appointed him communications officer. In 1945, Penkovsky married the teenage daughter of Lieutenant General Dmitry Gapanovich, gaining another high-ranking patron. On Varentsovs recommendation, he studied at the Frunze Military Academy in 1945-48, and then worked as a staff officer. Penkovsky joined the GRU in 1953 as an officer. In 1955, Penkovsky was appointed military attaché in Ankara, Turkey, but was dismissed after he reported to his superior, and later to another GRU agent, a violation of the rules that made him unpopular. Department. Again, citing Varentsovs patronage, he studied rocket artillery at the Dzerzhinsky Military Academy for nine months. He was elected military attache to India, but the KGB discovered the story of his fathers death, and he was suspended, investigated, and assigned to the State Science and Technology Committee in November 1960. Later he worked in the Soviet Committee for Scientific Research. In July 1960, the CIA and MI6 Penkovsky approached American students on the Great Moscow Bridge in Moscow and gave them a package offering to spy on the United States. He asked to be taken to the intelligence officer at the US Embassy. The CIA was reluctant to contact him.3 When the US embassy in Moscow refused to cooperate, fearing an international incident, the CIA turned to MI6 for help. 4 MI6 recruited a British industrial equipment dealer in countries behind the Iron Curtain to contact Penkovsky. In his autobiography, Vin says that the British intelligence services carefully trained him for many years on how to make contact with Penkovsky.5 Penkowskis first meeting with the twoand two British intelligence officers appeared during Penkovskys visit to London in April 1961. Over the next 18 months, Penkovsky provided a massive amount of information to the CIA-MI6 manipulation group, including documents showing that the Soviet nuclear arsenal was much smaller. what Nikita Khrushchev claimed or the CIA thought, and that the Soviets were not yet in a position to produce large numbers of ICBMs 6. This information was invaluable to President John F. Kennedy in his negotiations with Nikita Khrushchev to withdraw the Soviet IRBM from Cuba. Peter Wright, a former British MI5 officer known for his scathing condemnation of British intelligence leadership throughout most of the Cold War, believed that Penkovsky was a fake defector. Wright noted that, unlike Igor Gouzenko and other earlier defectors, Penkovsky did not reveal the names of any Soviet agents in the West, but merely provided organizational details, many of which were already known. Some of the documents provided were originals, which Wright said were not easy to obtain from their sources. Wright was bitter towards British intelligence and reportedly believed that he should apply his proposed methods of identifying British-Soviet agents. According to Wright, the failure of British intelligence chiefs to listen to him paralyzed them as British-Soviet agents fled to the Soviet Union; in his book The Spycatcher, he suggests that his hypothesis must have been correct and that the Soviets were aware of this paralysis and ambushed Penkovsky. In his memoir, Spycatcher: The Candid Autobiography of a Senior Intelligence Officer (1987), co-written with journalist Paul Greengrass, Wright said, as a resident in Washington, You have to dig a lot, Peter, theres a lot of K chivalry and

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