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Youre Reading a Free Preview Pages 4 to 5 are not shown in this preview. 1 Music: An Appreciation, Brief, 8th edition | Roger KamienPart i: Elements 2 Music: vital part of human societyProvides entertainment and emotional release; accompanies activities Heard everywhere in modern life Recorded music is a 20th-century innovation Internet access Portable audio Live performance: special excitement Experience affected by emotional state of both performer and audience Evaluating music performances Background music vs. active listening Perceptive listening enhances enjoyment Knowledge of musical elements enhances perception 3 SOUND: pitch, dynamics, tone colorOur world is filled with sounds Sounds can be pleasant or unpleasant Humans are able to focus on specific sounds We can ignore sounds that do not interest us Sound Begins as a result of vibrating object Transmitted through a medium: air Causes our eardrums to vibrate Impulses sent to brain for processing MUSIC: organization of sounds in time Four main categories of musical sounds • pitch • dynamics • tone color • duration 4 pitch: relative highness or lowness of soundPitch is Determined by frequency of vibration Fast vibration = high pitch; slow vibration = low pitch Generally, smaller vibrating objects = higher pitches In music, definite pitch is a tone Tones, or musical pitches, have specific frequencies frequency of a pitch is measured in cycles (vibrations) per second * example A= 440 HZ Irregular vibrations create sounds of indefinite pitch Interval: distance between 2 tones Octave: doublinghalving of frequency ** see examples Tones an octave apart seem to blend together or sound alike Western music divides octave into 12 tones Nonwestern music may divide into different number Pitch Range: distance between voice or instruments highest & lowest possible tones 5 dynamics Relative loudness of a soundRelated to amplitude of vibration producing sound Changes in dynamics may be sudden or gradual Accent: tone played louder than tones near it Italian terms used to indicate dynamics Extremes: ppp, pppp, fff, ffff Crescendo: gradually louder Decrescendo (diminuendo): gradually softer 6 tone color (timbre) Quality that identifies an instruments soundCan be bright, dark, mellow, etc. Changes in tone color create variety and contrast Tone colors add a sense of continuity Specific melodies with specific tone colors Unlimited variety of tone colors Composers frequently blend sounds of instruments to create new tone colors Modern electronic technique create new tone colors 7 listening outlines, vocal music guides, and properties of soundHelps focus attention on musical events as they occur Preceded by description of the musics main features Listening Outline: points out notable musical sounds Vocal Music Guide: helps the listener follow the thought, story, or drama *Suggestion: While listening to one passage, look ahead to what is next 8 Listen, then follow the listening outline to this selection in CONNECT MUSICNote: Tone colors through instrumentation Dynamic contrasts LISTENING The Firebird, scene 2 (1910) Igor Stravinsky 9 Listen, then follow the listening outline to this selection in CONNECT MUSICListen for: Tone colors Repeated note melody Improvised solos Muted brass instruments LISTENING C-Jam Blues (1942) Duke Ellington 10 PERFORMING MEDIA: voices and instrumentsVoices: unique ability to fuse words & musical tones Voice range is based on physical makeup & training Voice classifications Female Male soprano (highest female voice) tenor (highest male voice) mezzo-soprano baritone Alto (lowest female voice) bass (lowest male voice) Vocal music is frequently performed with instrumental accompaniment 11 Musical instruments: any mechanism (other than voice) that produces musical soundsWestern instruments: 6 broad categories string percussion woodwind keyboard brass electronic Made in different sizes for range variety Tone color may vary with the register Provide entertainment; used for accompaniment Instruments popularity rises and falls with changing musical tastes 12 string instruments Sound produced by vibrating tight cableshorter the string and tighter the tension, higher the pitch (& vice versa) Orchestral bowed instruments • violin • viola • cello (violoncellon) • bass (double bass) Common playing techniques • pizzicato • vibrato • tremolo • double stop • harmonics • mute Some string instruments not played with bow Guitar & harp use plectrum (small wedge; pick) 13 woodwind instruments Traditionally, woodwinds were made of woodIn the 20th century, metal & plastic became common The longer the tube, the lower the pitch Holes along instrument change the length of the tube Main orchestral woodwinds and ranges: (know all of these!) Woodwinds: single note instrument Sounds produced by blowing (players breath) • whistle mouthpiece • single reed • double reed • saxophone: single reed instrument; common in jazz 14 brass instruments Orchestral brasses (in order of range)trumpet, french horn, trombone, tuba cornet, baritone horn, & euphonium used mainly in concert and in marching bands Sound produced by blowing into mouthpiece Vibration of players lips produces sound Sound exits through flared end called bell Pitch changed in 2 ways: Pressure of players lips (together and against mouthpiece) Lengthening the instrument via slide or valves Trombone uses sliding tubes Others use valves connected to additional tubing Generally, the longer the tube, the lower the pitch Tone color is altered by inserting mute into bell Brass provides power and emphasis in music 15 percussion instrumentsSound (generally) produced by striking, shaking, or rubbing the instrument Instruments of definite pitch produce tones Those of indefinite pitch produce noise-like sounds Membranes, pieces of wood or metal vibrate The Timpani are the only orchestral drums of definite pitch Know these below! Percussionists must play many instruments Percussion traditionally emphasizes rhythm 20th-century music: greater use of percussion 16 electronic instrumentsProduce or amplify sound using electronics Invented ~1904, significant impact only after 1950 Modern technology blurs lines between instrument types, recording, computer, and hybrid devices Tape studio: main electronic tool of 1950s..composers cut & spliced tapes of recorded sounds to put musical sounds in a certain order Synthesizers came into use in 1960s to create electronic synthesis Huge machines first built in mid-1950s Analog synthesis dominated until ~1980 Digital (FM) synthesis came to forefront in 1980s Effects devices were integrated into digital synthesizers Sampling is digital recording of live sounds (1990s) MIDI (1983) allowed connection of musical devices to computers Small computers develop in 1970s & 80s Modern composers connect these devices, use software, and write new types of music 17 Listen, then follow the listening outline to this selection in CONNECT MUSICListen for: Themes, variations Contrast Repetition Various orchestral instruments LISTENING The Young Persons Guide to the Orchestra, Op. 34 (1946) Benjamin Britten 18 RHYTHM BEAT METER ACCENT and SYNCOPATION Flow of music through timeParticular arrangement of note lengths BEAT Recurrent pulsation Divides music into equal units of time METER Grouping of beats into regular groups 2s and 3s; strong and weak beats ACCENT and SYNCOPATION Accent: note is emphasized Syncopation: emphasis placed on an unexpected note or beat

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