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Audio, illustrations, photos and videos are placed below the media object, with the exception of promotional images, which usually link to another media information page. Media rights holder is a named person or group Tyson Brown, National Geographic Society, National Geographic Society, Gina Borgia, National Geographic Society, Jeanna Sullivan, National Geographic Society, Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society, National Geographic Society, Margot Willis, National Geographic Society , Miscellaneous We use cookies to improve your experience. By continuing to browse this site, you consent to our use of cookies. More information. This article is about the general scientific term. For the scientific journal, see Genetics (journal). For a more accessible and less technical introduction to this topic, see Introduction to Genetics. Part of the onGenetics Series Key Components Chromosome DNA RNA Genome Inheritance Mutation Nucleotide Variation Overview Index History and Topics Introduction History (Molecular) Evolution Population Genetics Mendelian Inheritance Quantitative Genetics Molecular Genetics Research Genetics DNA Sequencing Genetic Engineering Genetics Person Genetics Branch of Medical Genetics Medicine Personalized Medicine The category of genetics is investigation of genes, genetic variation and inheritance of organisms.123 It is an important branch of biology as heredity is central to the evolution of organisms. Gregor Mendel, a Moravian Augustinian monk working in Brno in the 19th century, was the first to study genetics. Mendel studied trait inheritance, the patterns of how traits are passed from parent to offspring over time. He found that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits through discrete units of inheritance. The term still used today is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is called a gene. Character inheritance and molecular inheritanceGenes are still the basic principles of genetics in the 21st century, but modern genetics has expanded to include the study of gene function and behavior. Gene structure and function, variation and distribution are examined in the context of the cell, the organism (eg dominance) and the population context. Genetics has spawned a number of subfields including molecular genetics, epigenetics, and population genetics. Organisms studied in a broad field cover the domains of life (archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes). Genetic processes work in conjunction with an organisms environment and experiences to influence development and behavior, often referred to as nature versus nurture. The intracellular or extracellular environment of a living cell or organism can turn gene transcription on or off. A classic example is two genetically identical corn seeds, one in a temperate climate and the other in an arid climate (without sufficient waterfall or rain). While the average height of two corn stalks may be genetically the same, a stalk in an arid climate will grow only half the height of a stalk in a temperate climate due to the lack of water and nutrients in the area. We need to know much more about the biology of viruses because of genetic analysis. The genome of the virus, which consists of eleven segments of double-stranded RNA, serves as a defining characteristic. A key feature of viral genetics is the ability of segmented genome structure to assign genome segments during mixed infections. Origin.567 History Main article: History of genetics The observation that living things inherit characteristics from their parents has been used since prehistoric times to improve agricultural plants and animals through selective breeding. The modern science of genetics,Understanding of this process began in the mid-19th century with the work of the Augustinian monk Gregor Mendel.10 Before Mendel, the Hungarian nobleman Imre Festetics, who lived in Koszeg before Mendel, was the first to use the word genetic in the context of heredity. He described several rules of biological inheritance in his Genetic Laws of Nature (1819) 11. His second law is the same as that published by Mendel.12 In the Third Law, he developed the basic principles of mutation (he can be considered the forerunner of Hugo de Vries)13. Festetik argued that the changes observed in the generations of cattle, plants and people were the result of the operation of scientific laws.14 Festetik empirically concluded that organisms inherit their characteristics rather than acquiring them. He recognized recessive traits and innate variability, postulating that traits from past generations could show up later and organisms could produce offspring with different traits. These observations are an important introduction to Mendels theory of specific heredity, as they represent the transition of heredity from the status of a myth to a scientific discipline, providing the fundamental theoretical basis for twentieth-century genetics. Mixing inheritance tends to average out all traits, which, as engineer Fleming Jenkins pointed out, makes evolution by natural selection impossible. Mendels work preceded other theories of heredity. A popular nineteenth-century theory, also outlined in Charles Darwins 1859 Origin of Species, was mixed inheritance: the idea that people inherit a mild mixture of traits from their parents. Mendels work gave examples where traits definitely did not mix after hybridization, showing that traits are formed by combinations of different genes rather than continuous mixing. Mixing traits in offspring is now explained

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